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Ventricle septal defect (VSD) is most common heart defect diagnosed in children and attributed for approximately 30-40 % 0f all congenital heart defects The two ventricles of the heart are separated from each other by a septum, which has the membranous part and the muscular part. The VSD is a septation defect in the septum…
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Combined cardiac output is the most direct measure of how hard the fetal heart is working, yet it remains underused in routine practice. This article covers the measurement technique step by step, the common errors that distort the calculation, and the normal reference values by gestational age from the largest human fetal Doppler dataset available.…
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Ductus venosus (DV) is one of the three shunts that are essential for differential oxygen organ-specific delivery adjustment during fetal circulation throughout intrauterine life. The assessment of the DV flow pattern is now routine and vital part of first-trimester screening ultrasonography, looking for abnormal reversal (‘true’ A wave). Flow reversal has been shown to be…
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In this write-up, it has been tried to answer common quarries after diagnosis of ICEF on sonography with the facts and studies available. Most of the time, personal statements and opinions are given with either completely ignoring the finding or giving too much importance to it. There is a conclusion at the end summarising the…
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Atria Ectopics Of all the arrhythmias diagnosed during pregnancy, the Atrial Premature Complex (APC) or Atrial ectopics represent 90 % and mostly reported as missed beats. Premature contractions are easily detectable by any modality of fetal screening and diagnosis of missed fetal beats is not uncommonly made during fetal auscultation. APCs are self-limiting and hemodynamically…
Fetal Cardiac Care 