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Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common systemic venous anomaly. The prevalence of PLSVC ranges from 0.2 to 3% in the general healthy population. Pretorius et al showed in a study of 74 cases that congenital heart defects were present in 4.4% of patients with PLSVC. In patients with congenital heart disease…
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Ventricle septal defect (VSD) is most common heart defect diagnosed in children and attributed for approximately 30-40 % 0f all congenital heart defects The two ventricles of the heart are separated from each other by a septum, which has the membranous part and the muscular part. The VSD is a septation defect in the septum…
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In the post-natal life, the circulation is in series where pulmonary and systemic circulation is connected in series. Thus the cardiac output volume is expressed in terms of stroke volume and cardiac output, which is the blood ejected by each ventricle. Whereas in the fetus, most of the cardiac output from either ventricle reaches aorta…
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Ductus venosus (DV) is one of the three shunts that are essential for differential oxygen organ-specific delivery adjustment during fetal circulation throughout intrauterine life. The assessment of the DV flow pattern is now routine and vital part of first-trimester screening ultrasonography, looking for abnormal reversal (‘true’ A wave). Flow reversal has been shown to be…
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In this write-up, it has been tried to answer common quarries after diagnosis of ICEF on sonography with the facts and studies available. Most of the time, personal statements and opinions are given with either completely ignoring the finding or giving too much importance to it. There is a conclusion at the end summarising the…
Fetal Cardiac Care 