MA
Dr. Mridul Agarwal, MD, FNB (Pediatric Cardiology)
Senior Consultant, Pediatric & Fetal Cardiac Sciences | Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi
Reference Standard: Zidere et al., JASE 2021
Quantification: Inflow/Outflow Peaks & E/A Ratios
⚡ Fetal Cardiac Velocities Z-Score Calculator
Zidere 2021 ModelEnter gestational age (13–36 weeks) and pulsed-wave Doppler peak velocities (cm/s) across aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid valves to compute gestational Z-scores and automatic E/A ratios.
Understanding Fetal Inflow & Outflow Velocities
Aortic & Pulmonary Outflow
Peak systolic velocities increase progressively with advancing gestational age as ventricular mass and stroke volume rise. Velocity Z-scores > +2.0 SD suggest semilunar valve stenosis or high-output states.
Mitral & Tricuspid Inflow (E/A Ratio)
Fetal ventricular inflow is physiologically A-wave dominant (E/A < 1.0). An E/A ratio approaching or exceeding 1.0 indicates elevated atrial filling pressures, impaired myocardial relaxation, or early diastolic dysfunction.